¿Cómo explicar a un niño la muerte de un ser querido? ¿Puede llegar a entender qué es la muerte? ¿Es mejor contar o no contar? ¿Qué hacer si nos pregunta? ¿Es diferente la vivencia de la muerte si el niño tiene 5 años o si tiene 10? ¿Puede un niño estar en duelo? ¿Cómo le puedo ayudar? ¿Necesita una ayuda especial? ¿Es bueno que nos vea tristes? ¿Tenemos que evitarle lo sucedido? ¿Qué pueden hacer los profesores cuando un niño se encuentra en duelo?
Difíciles respuestas para difíciles preguntas, ¿verdad? Desgraciadamente, las personas adultas nos vamos a tener que enfrentar a situaciones como las que se describen en esas cuestiones. Nuestras niñas y niños van a tener que asumir la pérdida de personas cercanas y nosotros y nosotras vamos a tener que estar ahí para echarles un cable…
Para tratar de ayudar, tanto a madres y padres como a profesionales que trabajan con Infancia y Adolescencia a contestar a esas preguntas, ha salido a la luz una guía titulada «Explícame qué ha pasado», realizada por la psicóloga Loreto Cid, a través de la cual se nos enseña cómo enfrentarnos al duelo infantil, dejando claro que ocultar este tema o esperar a que pase solo es contraproducente.
Dicha publicación, de carácter estrictamente online, se puede consultar gratuitamente en este enlace, pero, a continuación, os dejamos algunas pautas o consejos que pueden ser idóneas para tratar de solventar situaciones de este tipo:
· El primer consejo es decirles la verdad, adaptándola siempre a la edad y al desarrollo cognitivo y emocional del menor.
· La primera verdad que debe saber un niño es que la persona ha muerto y que nunca más volveremos a verla.
· Es importante no utilizar metáforas relativas a la causa de la muerte de la persona, porque, aunque nuestra intención sea suavizar y amortiguar lo sucedido, lo que podemos provocar es una mayor confusión y angustia: “El abuelito se ha quedado dormido y ya no va a despertar” (puede provocar en el niño un fuerte temor a irse a la cama y quedarse dormido). “Tu hermanita era muy buena y se ha ido al cielo”. (El niño puede sentir mucha confusión sobre si portarse bien es bueno o malo).
· Siempre que sea conveniente, hay que asegurarse de que el menor tenga claro que no es responsable de la muerte de su pariente.
· Ninguna de las explicaciones que se den al niño o al adolescente tienen por qué darse “de golpe”: podemos ir haciéndolo poco a poco y siempre completándolo con las preguntas, dudas y observaciones que él mismo o ella misma quiera hacer.
· También resulta clave darles la oportunidad de expresar sus dudas y permitirles participar siempre que lo deseen en los ritos de despedida de la persona fallecida: A partir de los seis años, aproximadamente, los niñosy niñas pueden participar en los velatorios, entierros o funerales.
· Y recuerda: Los niños tienen derecho a estar tristes aunque nos resulte doloroso.
Vía: EITB
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